CCC '06 S4 - Groups

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Points: 10
Time limit: 1.0s
Memory limit: 256M

Problem type
Canadian Computing Competition: 2006 Stage 1, Senior #4

In mathematics, a group, G, is an object that consists of a set of elements and an operator (which we will call \times) so that if x and y are in G so is x \times y. Operations also have the following properties:

  • Associativity: For all x, y and z in G, x \times (y \times z) = (x \times y) \times z.
  • Identity: the group contains an "identity element" (we can use i) so that for each x in G, x \times i = x and i \times x = x.
  • Inverse: for every element x there is an inverse element (we denote by x^{-1}) so that x \times x^{-1} = i and x^{-1} \times x = i.

Groups have a wide variety of applications including the modeling of quantum states of an atom and the moves in solving a Rubik's cube puzzle. Clearly, the integers under addition from a group (0 is the identity, and the inverse of x is -x, and you can prove associativity as an exercise), though that group is infinite and this problem will deal only with finite groups.

One simple example of a finite group is the integers modulo 10 under the operation addition.

That is, the group consists of the integers 0, 1, \dots, 9 and the operation is to add two keeping only the least significant digit. Here the identity is 0. This particular group has the property that x \times y = y \times x, but this is not always the case. Consider the group that consists of the elements a, b, c, d, e and i. The "multiplication table" below defines the operations. Note that each of the required properties is satisfied (associativity, identity and inverse) but, for example, c \times d = a while d \times c = b.

\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|cccccc}
\times & i & a & b & c & d & e \\\hline
i & i & a & b & c & d & e \\
a & a & i & d & e & b & c \\
b & b & e & i & d & c & a \\
c & c & d & e & i & a & b \\
d & d & c & a & b & e & i \\
e & e & b & c & a & i & d \end{array}

Your task is to write a program which will read a sequence of multiplication tables and determine whether each structure defined is a group.

Input Specification

The input will consist of a number of test cases. Each test case begins with an integer n (0 \le n \le 100). If the test case begins with n = 0, the program terminates. To simplify the input, we will use the integers 1, \dots, n to represent elements of the candidate group structure; the identity could be any of these (i.e., it is not necessarily the element 1). Following the number n in each test case are n lines of input, each containing integers in the range [1, \dots, n]. The q^{th} integer on the p^{th} line of this sequence is the value p \times q.

Output Specification

If the object is a group, output yes (on its own line), otherwise output no (on its own line). You should not output anything for the test case where n = 0.

Sample Input

2
1 2
2 1
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 1 5 6 3 4
3 6 1 5 4 2
4 5 6 1 2 3
5 4 2 3 6 1
6 3 4 2 1 5
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 1 1 1
3
1 2 3
3 1 2
3 1 2
0

Sample Output

yes
yes
no
no

Explanation

The first two collections of elements are in fact groups (that is, all properties are satisfied). For the third candidate, it is not a group, since 3 \times (2 \times 2) = 3 \times 1 = 3 but (3 \times 2) \times 2 = 1 \times 2 = 2. In the last candidate, there is no identity, since 1 is not the identity, since 2 \times 1 = 3 (not 2), and 2 is not the identity, since 2 \times 1 = 3 (not 1) and 3 is not the identity, since 1 \times 3 = 3 (not 1).


Comments


  • 0
    shixd0402  commented on Jan. 14, 2024, 12:11 a.m.

    Example in problem discription has some error


  • -5
    georgezhang006  commented on July 28, 2020, 4:47 p.m.

    This comment is hidden due to too much negative feedback. Show it anyway.


    • 1
      littlecat  commented on Aug. 11, 2020, 5:00 p.m. edited

      The operators are simply 2 variable functions, not necessarily arithmetic functions. For example, in the 6 element group (iabcde), there is no mapping of the elements to (1,2,3,4,5,6) with an arithmetic function. (I think it is isomorphic to the group of symmetries of a triangle as well as the group of permutations with 3 elements.)


  • 3
    sushi  commented on June 29, 2020, 9:44 p.m.

    For those that are a bit confused about this problem, I have a few tips:

    The i described in the inverse definition is actually the identity element described in the identity definition, they are the same variable.

    The grid is a times table, so a hint would be that (x \times y) is equivalent as the element at position (x, y) in the grid.

    An identity element could be 0 as hinted in the problem statement, use indexes as the elements to cover that case.

    This problem is surprisingly annoying, and I hope this helps.


    • 0
      littlecat  commented on Aug. 11, 2020, 6:18 p.m.

      In the input specification, the elements are given as 1 to n, so the elements can be used directly without indexes. I think there is no way to solve the problem without testing all triples (a, b, c) for the associativity, so that the solution would take O(n^3) time. In C++, a vector<vector<int>> also works for recording the function definition.